Despite decades of work on climate change biology, the scientific community remains
uncertain about where and when most species distributions will respond to altered climates …

Understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the abundance and distribution of
organisms has become more important with the growing awareness of the ecological …

Bioclimatic models are the primary tools for simulating the impact of climate change on
species distributions. Part of the uncertainty in the output of these models results from …

Advances in global climate modeling have significantly increased our understanding and
confidence in projections for future climate scenarios (Bonan & Doney, 2018). However …

Many analyses of biological responses to climate rely on gridded climate data derived from
weather stations, which differ from the conditions experienced by organisms in at least two …

Understanding how species and ecosystems respond to climate change requires spatially
and temporally rich data for a diverse set of species and habitats, combined with models that …

Background Changes in Earth's climate over time can be measured in many ways. The
different metrics available represent alternative dimensions of climate change, each with …

Predicting the impacts of climate change on species is one of the biggest challenges that
ecologists face. Predictions routinely focus on the direct effects of climate change on …

Although climates are rapidly changing on a global scale, these changes cannot easily be
extrapolated to the local scales experienced by organisms. In fact, such generalizations …

When predicting the response of organisms to global change, models use measures of
climate at a coarse resolution from general circulation models or from downscaled regional …