Opioids are mu receptor agonists and have been an important part of pain treatment for
thousands of years. In order to use these drugs appropriately and successfully in patients …

Tramadol's two enantiomers produce analgesia, in acute and chronic pain states, by
combining synergistically, weak opioid and monoaminergically-mediated mechanisms …

To date in the United States when a patient has presented with a complaint of pain requiring
some form of pharmacologic relief, the physician has had the choice of two broad classes of …

The atypical opioid, tramadol, has recently been introduced into Australia and New Zealand.
Tramadol's efficacy in a wide range of acute and chronic pain states, its multi-formulation …

The blend of efficacy, multiple formulations and a low potential for serious adverse effects at
higher doses or in prolonged therapy of tramadol hydrochloride provide clinicians with a …

Tramadol (Zydol, Searle) is a centrally acting analgesic drug which has been in clinical use
in Germany for 17 yr and was launched recently in the United Kingdom. Tramadol is …

Chronic pain is a common condition that is being increasingly recognized, diagnosed, and
treated in a variety of settings. Opioids can be used to treat chronic pain but at the cost of …

English Abstract (±)-Tramadol is a synthetic 4-phenyl-piperidine analogue of codeine. It is a
central analgesic with a low affinity for opioid receptors. Its selectivity for μ receptors has …

Chronic pain remains a problem because it is often misdiagnosed and undertreated.
Adverse effects and safety concerns associated with many analgesics have limited the use …

Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting analgesic agent with 2 distinct, synergistic
mechanisms of action, acting as both a weak opioid agonist and an inhibitor of monoamine …