Neurological and psychiatric patients have increased dramatically in number in the past few
decades. However, effective treatments for these diseases and disorders are limited due to …

Bacteria in the gut microbiome play an intrinsic part in immune activation, intestinal
permeability, enteric reflex, and entero-endocrine signaling. The gut microbiota …

The microbiota-gut-brain axis transmits bidirectional communication between the gut and
the central nervous system and links the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with …

Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are an essential interface between the gut and brain that
communicate signals about nutrients, pain, and even information from our microbiome …

The microbiota is a heterogeneous ecosystem consisting of diverse microorganisms unique
to an individual, playing a crucial role in maintaining human body homeostasis. The …

Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs) are common conditions in community and clinical
practice. As specialized enteroendocrine cells, enterochromaffin (EC) cells produce up to …

The intestinal microbiota constitutes a complex ecosystem in constant reciprocal interactions
with the immune, neuroendocrine, and neural systems of the host. Recent molecular …

Disruption of the microbiota–gut–brain axis results in a wide range of pathologies that are
affected, from the brain to the intestine. Gut hormones released by enteroendocrine cells to …

The human gut harbours trillions of symbiotic bacteria that play a key role in programming
different aspects of host physiology in health and disease. These intestinal microbes are …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays an essential role in food digestion, absorption, and the
mucosal immune system; it is also inhabited by a huge range of microbes. The GI tract is …