Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an
infection. It is a disease with a high incidence, mortality, and recurrence rate and frequently …

Patients who survive sepsis display suppressed immune functions, often manifested as an
increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Recently, using a cecal-ligation and …

Sepsis results in a deluge of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, leading to lymphopenia
and chronic immunoparalysis. Sepsis-induced long-lasting immunoparalysis is defined, in …

Massive apoptosis of lymphocytes is a hallmark of sepsis. The resulting immunosuppression
is associated with secondary infections, which are often lethal. Moreover, sepsis-survivors …

The immunological hallmarks of sepsis include the inflammation-mediated cytokine storm,
apoptosis-driven lymphopenia, and prolonged immunoparalysis. Although early clinical …

Immunosuppression is one hallmark of sepsis, decreasing the host response to the primary
septic pathogens and/or secondary nosocomial infections. CD4 T cells and B cells are …

T cell exhaustion is common during chronic infections. Although CD4+ T cells are critical for
controlling viral load during chronic viral infections, less is known about their differentiation …

Septic patients experience chronic immunosuppression resulting in enhanced susceptibility
to infections normally controlled by T cells. Clinical research on septic patients has shown …

Sepsis is associated with an initial hyperinflammatory state; however, therapeutic trials
targeting the inflammatory response have yielded disappointing results. It is now …

Sepsis, an amplified immune response to systemic infection, is characterized by a transient
cytokine storm followed by chronic immune dysfunction. Consequently, sepsis survivors are …