Research involving animal models of drug addiction can be viewed as a sort of reverse
psychiatry. Contrary to clinicians who seek to treat addicted people to become and remain …

Drug addiction is a psychiatric disorder based on a dysfunction of the brain. It frequently
develops from a controlled drug consumption and drug instrumentalization (DI). Thereby, DI …

Background Pre‐clinical research involving non‐human animals has made important
contributions to our understanding of risk factors for addiction, neuroadaptations that follow …

In standard drug self-administration settings, animals have no choice than drug use. As a
result, serious doubt exists about the interpretation of drug use in experimental animals. Is it …

It is increasingly recognized that studying drug taking in laboratory animals does not equate
to studying genuine addiction, characterized by loss of control over drug use. This has …

Drug addiction can be defined as a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

Laboratory models, both animal and human, have made enormous contributions to our
understanding of addiction. For addictive disorders, animal models have the great …

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease, characterized by compulsive drug use.
Despite the fact that drug addiction affects millions of people worldwide, treatments for this …

Drug addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder with grave personal consequences that has an
extraordinary global economic impact. Despite decades of research, the options available to …

Drug addiction is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder that affects a subset of the individuals
who take drugs. It is characterized by maladaptive drug-seeking habits that are maintained …