Botulinum toxin (Botox) is widely used in beauty industry and its long-term consequences
can be a matter of concern. The hippocampal cholinergic system plays a significant role in …

BOTOX® is a therapeutic form of botulinum neurotoxin. It acts by blocking the release of
acetylcholine (ACh) from the synaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junctions, thereby …

It is generally believed that the cholinergic system plays an important role in normal
cognitive functioning. Botulinum toxin is the most potent toxin of the peripheral cholinergic …

Cholinergic crisis and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of the brain have been known to
induce anxiety disorders upon ageing. BOTOX® is a widely used therapeutic form of …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) block the release of a series of neurotransmitters, which are
pivotal for neuron action. Intrahippocampal administration of BoNTs inhibits glutamate …

Prevalence of glioblastomas is high within the adult brain tumors and the proliferation of the
glioblastomas was induced by excessive Ca2+ influx. Ca2+ permeable TRPV1 channel is …

The central cholinergic nervous system plays an important role in cognition, with
acetylcholine hypofunction considered to be a major factor of dementia. Botulinum toxin type …

Despite its toxicity, botulinum neurotoxin type A (BTX-A) is a valuable therapeutic agent for
several motor, autonomic and pain disorders. Numerous studies have described its …

Background Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is generally considered safe and is widely
used to treat a variety of clinical conditions involving muscle hyperactivity and for cosmetic …

Background Tramadol (TRA) is an analgesic prescribed for treating mild to moderate pains,
the abuse of which has increased in recent years. Chronic tramadol consumption produces …