Given the expanding role of ambulatory surgery and the need to facilitate an earlier hospital
discharge, improving postoperative pain control has become an increasingly important issue …

In describing how patients feel after surgery, Armitage (1) stated that “slapping the patient on
the face and telling him or her that it's all over is a complete inversion of the truth” because …

The practice of modern anesthesiology has been developed from intraoperative period into
perioperative period. Postoperative pain management is one of the most important …

This article reviews the current evidence for multimodal analgesic options for common
surgical procedures. As perioperative physicians, we have come a long way from using only …

Introduction: There are various important implications associated with poorly controlled
postoperative pain in the adult surgical patient–this includes cardiopulmonary …

Postoperative pain relief has improved in recent years with the development of new
analgesics, additional routes of administration and the appearance of the hypothesis of pre …

Pain is one of the main postoperative adverse outcomes. Single analgesics, either opioid or
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are not able to provide effective pain relief …

Importance Amid the current opioid epidemic in the United States, the enhanced recovery
after surgery pathway (ERAS) has emerged as one of the best strategies to improve the …

Purpose. The mechanisms of persistent postoperative pain, rationale for multimodal pain
therapy, and limitations of currently available analgesic agents and administration routes …

Postoperative pain remains a challenging problem, which requires a proactive approach
using a variety of treatment modalities to obtain an optimal outcome with respect to …