The respiratory mucosa is the primary portal of entry for numerous viruses such as the
respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza virus and the parainfluenza virus. These pathogens …

Vaccination is still the most cost-effective way to combat infectious illnesses. Conventional
vaccinations may have low immunogenicity and, in most situations, only provide partial …

Infectious diseases are the tip of the iceberg in the economic burden of the developing
countries, due to the resistance of the pathogens to antibiotics and the lack of vaccines. The …

Due to emergence of new variants of pathogenic micro-organisms the treatment and
immunization of infectious diseases have become a great challenge in the past few years. In …

Current vaccines that provide protection against infectious diseases have primarily relied on
attenuated or inactivated pathogens. Virus‐like particles (VLPs), comprised of capsid …

As vaccine formulations have progressed from including live or attenuated strains of
pathogenic components for enhanced safety, developing new adjuvants to more effectively …

Vaccination has had a major impact on the control of infectious diseases. However, there
are still many infectious diseases for which the development of an effective vaccine has …

Introduction: Immunization has been a remarkably successful public health intervention;
however, new approaches to vaccine design are essential to counter existing and emerging …

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and
eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a …

Vaccines represent one of the most successful public health initiatives worldwide. However,
despite the vast number of highly effective vaccines, some infectious diseases still do not …