In the basal ganglia, convergent input and dopaminergic modulation of the direct
striatonigral and the indirect striatopallidal pathways are critical in rewarding and aversive …

The basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuitry plays a central role in selecting actions that
achieve reward-seeking outcomes and avoid aversive ones. Inputs of the nucleus …

In this review we discuss the evidence that drug addiction, defined as a maladaptive
compulsive habit, results from the progressive subversion by addictive drugs of striatum …

In the basal ganglia, inputs from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are transmitted through both
direct and indirect pathways and control reward-based learning. In the NAc, dopamine (DA) …

Compulsive drug use is characterized by a pattern of drug seeking and consumption that
becomes progressively habitual and less and less modifiable by external and internal …

Many learned responses depend on the coordinated activation and inhibition of synaptic
pathways in the striatum. Local dopamine neurotransmission acts in concert with a variety of …

There are broad individual differences in the ability to voluntarily and effortfully suppress
motivated, reward-seeking behaviors, and this review presents the hypothesis that these …

Understanding the neurobiology of motivation might help in reducing compulsive behaviors
such as drug addiction or eating disorders. This study shows that excitatory synaptic …

Here we challenge the view that reward‐guided learning is solely controlled by the
mesoaccumbens pathway arising from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area …

Drug addiction is a major public health issue worldwide. The persistence of drug craving
coupled with the known recruitment of learning and memory centers in the brain has led …