Background Changes in Earth's climate over time can be measured in many ways. The
different metrics available represent alternative dimensions of climate change, each with …

BACKGROUND As global climate change accelerates, one of the most urgent tasks for the
coming decades is to develop accurate predictions about biological responses to guide the …

Understanding how species and ecosystems respond to climate change has become a
major focus of ecology and conservation biology. Modelling approaches provide important …

Climate change is predicted to become a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century, but
accurate predictions and effective solutions have proved difficult to formulate. Alarming …

Over the past decade, several models have been developed to predict the impact of climate
change on biodiversity. Results from these models have suggested some alarming …

Accurately predicting biological impacts of climate change is necessary to guide policy.
However, the resolution of climate data could be affecting the accuracy of climate change …

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 365–377 Abstract Many studies in recent years have investigated
the effects of climate change on the future of biodiversity. In this review, we first examine the …

BACKGROUND Climate change impacts have now been documented across every
ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only~ 1° C so far. Here, we describe the …

A core challenge in global change biology is to predict how species will respond to future
environmental change and to manage these responses. To make such predictions and …

This paper provides a synthesis of the recent literature describing how global biodiversity is
being affected by climate change and is projected to respond in the future. Current studies …