Background Social defeat (SD) stress induces social avoidance and anxiety-like
phenotypes. Amygdala is recognized as an emotion-related brain region such as fear …

Psychosocial stress is associated with altered immune function and development of
psychological disorders including anxiety and depression. Here we show that repeated …

Chronic psychological and social stress can cause psychiatric disorders in humans. In this
study, we analyzed the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in the …

Introduction Chronic exposure to social defeat stress (SDS) has been used to investigate the
neurobiology of depressive-and anxiety-like responses and mnemonic processes. We …

Rationale Social defeat stress induces physiological and behavioral symptoms, including
anxiety, anhedonia, immune deficits, and altered expression of key brain genes. Objectives …

Chronic stress leads to many psychiatric disorders, including social and anxiety disorders
that are associated with over-activation of neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) …

Understanding the long-term effects of stress on brain function is crucial for understanding
the mechanisms of depression. The BALB/c mouse strain has high susceptibility to stress …

Cognitive dysfunctions are highly comorbid with depression. Impairments of cognitive
flexibility, which are modulated by the monoaminergic system of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) …

Clinical studies have shown that social defeat is an important cause of mood-related
disorders, accompanied by learning and memory impairment in humans. The mechanism of …

The social defeat stress model is commonly used to study depression and anxiety disorder,
which can significantly affect the structure and function of neurons in the hippocampus; …