Understanding how and why phenotypic traits covary is a major interest in evolutionary
biology. Biologists have long sought to characterize the extent of morphological integration …

The concept of morphological integration describes the pattern and the amount of
correlation between morphological traits. Integration is relevant in evolutionary biology as it …

Evolutionary morphologists frequently wish to understand the extent to which organisms are
integrated, and whether the strength of morphological integration among subsets of …

Phenotypic integration is a concept related to the cascade of trait relationships from the
lowest organizational levels, ie genes, to the highest, ie whole-organism traits. However, the …

Morphological integration describes the degree to which sets of organismal traits covary with
one another. Morphological covariation may be evaluated at various levels of biological …

The variational properties of living organisms are an important component of current
evolutionary theory. As a consequence, researchers working on the field of multivariate …

This article investigates a form of rank deficiency in phenotypic covariance matrices derived
from geometric morphometric data, and its impact on measures of phenotypic integration …

Phenotypic integration is an important metric that describes the degree of covariation among
traits in a population, and is hypothesized to arise due to selection for shared functional …

Premise of the study: Organisms usually show intercorrelations between all or some of their
components leading to phenotypic integration, which may have deep consequences on the …

Organisms represent a complex arrangement of anatomical structures and individuated
parts that must maintain functional associations through development. This integration of …