Phenotypic traits do not always respond to selection independently from each other and
often show correlated responses to selection. The structure of a genotype-phenotype map …

Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have
demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but …

A basic assumption of the Darwinian theory of evolution is that heritable variation arises
randomly. In this context, randomness means that mutations arise irrespective of the current …

Development and physiology translate genetic variation into phenotypic variation and
determine the genotype–phenotype map, such as which gene affects which character …

Evaluating statistical trends in high-dimensional phenotypes poses challenges for
comparative biologists, because the high-dimensionality of the trait data relative to the …

Abstract In 1992, David Houle showed that measures of additive genetic variation
standardized by the trait mean, CV A (the coefficient of additive genetic variation) and its …

Theoretical research has outlined how selection may shape both genetic variation and the
expression of phenotypic plasticity in multivariate trait space. Specifically, research …

In the past decade, there has been a resurgent interest in whether and how phenotypic
plasticity might impact evolutionary processes. Of fundamental importance is how the …

Phenotypic variance results from variation in biological information possessed by
individuals. Quantitative geneticists often strive to partition out all environmental variance to …

The concentrated changes test (CCT) calculates the probability that changes in a binary
character are distributed randomly on the branches of a cladogram. This test is used to …