Infectious diseases often vary seasonally in a predictable manner, and seasonality may be
responsible for geographical differences in prevalence. In temperate regions, vector-borne …

Understanding the ecology and evolution of parasites is contingent on identifying the
selection pressures they face across their infection landscape. Such a task is made …

Background Hosts are often simultaneously infected with several parasite species. These co-
infections can lead to within-host interactions of parasites, including mutualism and …

Amongst other factors, host behaviour critically determines the patterns with which blood
parasites occur in wild host populations. In particular, migratory hosts that sequentially …

Haemosporidian parasites infecting birds show distinct heterogeneity in their distribution
among host species. However, despite numerous studies on the prevalence and diversity of …

Biogeographic patterns of parasite diversity are useful for determining how host–parasite
interactions can influence speciation. However, variation in methodologies and sampling …

Infections of avian haemosporidian parasites are regularly identified by molecular methods
including multiplex PCR, which allows researchers to distinguish mixed infections of …

Mixed infections of different species and genetic lineages of haemosporidian parasites
(Haemosporida) predominate in wildlife, and such infections are particularly virulent …

Background One of the major issues concerning disease ecology and conservation is
knowledge of the factors that influence the distribution of parasites and consequently …

Spatial heterogeneity influences the distribution, prevalence, and diversity of
haemosporidian parasites. Previous studies have found complex patterns of prevalence with …