In modern environmental and climate science it is necessary to assimilate observational
datasets collected over decades with outputs from numerical models, to enable a full …

There has been a gradual evolution in the way that palaeoclimate modelling and
palaeoenvironmental data are used together to understand how the Earth System works …

I discuss the role of model/data comparisons for past climate changes and use of such
comparisons for enhancing credibility in future projections. I outline a framework in which …

Global syntheses of palaeoenvironmental data are required to test climate models under
conditions different from the present. Data sets for this purpose contain data from spatially …

Numerical climate simulations produce vast amounts of high-resolution data. This poses
new challenges to the palaeoclimate community–and indeed to the broader climate …

As the world warms due to rising greenhouse gas concentrations, the Earth system moves
toward climate states without societal precedent, challenging adaptation. Past Earth system …

The paper reviews how we can learn from the past about climate-human-environment
interactions at the present time, and in the future. It focuses on data sources for …

By devoting an entire chapter of the fourth assessment report (AR4) to paleoclimates, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recognized that studying past …

There is large uncertainty about the magnitude of warming and how rainfall patterns will
change in response to any given scenario of future changes in atmospheric composition and …

Paleoclimate simulations provide us with an opportunity to critically confront and evaluate
the performance of climate models in simulating the response of the climate system to …