The heart is electrically and mechanically controlled as a syncytium by the autonomic
nervous system. The cardiac nervous system comprises the sympathetic, parasympathetic …

Neuronal function and innervation density is regulated by target organ-derived neurotrophic
factors. Although cardiac hypertrophy drastically alternates the expression of various growth …

The autonomic nervous system (cANS) is essential for proper heart function, and
complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death are …

Autonomic cardiac neurons have a common origin in the neural crest but undergo distinct
developmental differentiation as they mature toward their adult phenotype. Progenitor cells …

Although several cytokines and neurotrophic factors induce sympathetic neurons to
transdifferentiate into cholinergic neurons in vitro, the physiological and pathophysiological …

Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem worldwide, especially coronary heart
disease (myocardial infarction)-induced HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which …

Sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart is a classic example of norepinephrine
(NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) triggering opposing actions. Sympathetic NE increases heart …

Key points Cardiomyocytes withdraw from the cell cycle late in prenatal and early in
postnatal life and subsequent heart growth occurs via cellular hypertrophy. The signals …

Sympathetic innervation is critical for effective cardiac function. However, the developmental
and regulatory mechanisms determining the density and patterning of cardiac sympathetic …

Afferent and efferent cardiac neurotransmission via the cardiac nerves intricately modulates
nearly all physiological functions of the heart (chronotropy, dromotropy, lusitropy, and …