Several estrogen mimics (xenoestrogens) inappropriately activate the estrogen receptor
(ER) in the absence of endogenous ligand. Given the importance of the ER in breast cancer …

Currently, a number of breast cancer cell lines exist that serve as models for both estrogen
receptor alpha (ERα) positive and ERα negative disease. Models are also available for pre …

To evaluate the extent to which each estrogen receptor (ER) subtype contributes to the
stimulation or to the inhibition of mammary tumor growth, we evaluated the effects of specific …

Introduction We have previously demonstrated that endoxifen is the most important
tamoxifen metabolite responsible for eliciting the anti-estrogenic effects of this drug in breast …

Estrogen is essential for the growth of the normal mammary gland and most estrogen
receptor (ER)-positive mammary carcinomas. To better understand the differences between …

Estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that controls human breast
cancer cell proliferation. About 60–70% of human breast cancers express ER. In spite of …

Abstract Development of breast cancer involves genetic factors as well as lifetime exposure
to estrogen. The precise molecular mechanisms whereby estrogens influence breast tumor …

Excessive exposure to estrogen has long been associated with an increased risk for
developing breast cancer and anti-estrogen therapy is the gold standard of care in the …

Epidemiologic studies link several factors related to estrogen production in women to an
increased risk of breast cancer. These include early menarche, late menopause, obesity …

The expression and stability of the estrogen receptor (ER) is the result of a complex process
that is modulated by estrogens and antiestrogens. Regulation of the steady-state ER mRNA …