Objective: Clinically, it is very difficult to distinguish between major depressive disorder
(MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) in the period of depression. Increasing evidence shows …

Background Somatic depression (SD) is different from non-somatic depression (NSD), and
insular subregions have been associated with somatic symptoms. However, the pattern of …

Background The insula has extensive links to the fronto-limbic circuit and associated
regions, which is involved in the neurobiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) …

Objective Distinguishing depressive episodes due to bipolar disorder (BD) or major
depressive disorder (MDD) solely on clinical grounds is challenging. We aimed at …

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by impairments in emotional
and cognitive functions. Emerging studies have shown that cognition and emotion interact …

Background Systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation have been considered as
risk factors in the pathophysiology of mood disorders including bipolar disorder (BD) …

Objectives: Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) share structural abnormalities in
the anterior insula cortex (AIC). The AIC appears to have a crucial role in emotional …

Dysfunctional and abnormal functional connectivity in the right anterior insula (rAI) may
underlie the pathophysiology of depression episode in bipolar disorder (BD) and of major …

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by
cognitive and affective deficits. Previous studies suggested that insula is a crucial node of …

Background Distinctive patterns of functional connectivity (FC) abnormalities in neural
circuitry has been reported in patients with bipolar depression (BD) and unipolar depression …