Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a member of the innate immune system and has been shown to
influence myocardial function, but its role in myocarditis is hitherto unknown. We therefore …

Recent findings indicate that TLR3 polymorphisms increase susceptibility to enteroviral
myocarditis and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (iDCM) in patients. TLR3 signaling …

Viral infections are able to induce autoimmune inflammation in the heart. Here, we
investigated the role of virus‐activated Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 3 and its adaptor TRIF on the …

Since toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) or interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) was reported to be
associated with the development of myocarditis, we wondered if the TLR9-IRF5 pathway …

Toll-like receptors are expressed in immune cells and cardiac muscle. We examined
whether the cardiac Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in the acute myocardial …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors involved in
cardiovascular diseases. Notably, numerous studies have demonstrated that TLR4 activates …

It remains unclear whether and how cardiomyocytes contribute to the inflammation in
chronic heart failure (CHF). We recently reviewed the capacity of cardiomyocytes to initiate …

Abstract Aims The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an intracellular innate immune receptor
activated by nucleic acids shed from dying cells leading to activation of the innate immune …

Background—Myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)-88 is a key adaptor protein that plays a
major role in the innate immune pathway. How MyD88 may regulate host response in …

Background As a pattern recognition receptor, Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7) widely presented
in the endosomal membrane of various cells. However, the precise role and mechanism of …