Tobacco smoking has been considered the most important risk factor for chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) development. However, not all smokers develop COPD and …

Background Considering that the innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the
pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we hypothesized that …

Background Dysfunctional innate responses of alveolar macrophages to nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae contribute to …

Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)
share a number of common risk factors, including innate immunity-related genetic factors. In …

Bacterial infection and colonization plays an important role in COPD. The inflammatory
response to these bacteria is mediated by Toll-like receptors. The Asp299Gly polymorphism …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, with
a continually rising mortality rate. As COPD is driven by abnormal pulmonary and systemic …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in the defence against bacterial infections that are
common in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). We studied all …

Background An association between innate immunity including Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
and COPD is reported recently; TLR4 deficiency in lung can cause emphysema in animals …

Background Previous studies have shown conflicting results for the association between
TLR4 polymorphism (Asp299Gly) and lung function. We investigated the influence of TLR4 …

The TLRs are important components of the respiratory epithelium host innate defense,
enabling the airway surface to recognize and respond to a variety of insults in inhaled air …