IMMUNE PATHOGENESIS The principal line of defense against cancer cell invasion and
metastasis is established via the host's innate and adaptive immune response. The key …

Intraoperative mortality is now so low that its rate is hard to measure. In contrast,
postoperative mortality remains common, with about 2% of United States surgical inpatients …

Oncological surgery and anesthesia both stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The HPA axis suppresses the host immune …

Surgery is a mainstay treatment for patients with solid tumours. However, despite surgical
resection with a curative intent and numerous advances in the effectiveness of (neo) …

Background The relationship between surgery and anesthetic-induced immunosuppression
and cancer recurrence remains unresolved. Surgery and anesthesia stimulate the …

Cancer, currently the leading cause of death in the population aged less than 85 years,
poses a significant global disease burden and is anticipated to continue to increase in …

Surgery and pain induce stress and inflammatory responses that have radical effects on
cellular and systems physiology, extending well beyond the time of surgery. There is a …

Surgery/anesthetic technique-stimulated immunosuppression in the perioperative period
might cause an increase in cancer-related mortality. Whether anesthetic technique can affect …

Surgery is of paramount importance in the management of solid tumors as definitive
resection can be totally curative. Nonetheless, metastatic recurrence after surgery remains a …

Surgery is an important treatment modality for the majority of solid organ cancers.
Unfortunately, cancer recurrence following surgery of curative intent is common, and …