The classical 'hypnotoxin theory'was followed by extensive search for an endogenous sleep
substance. Brain tissues and body fluids of sleeping and sleep-deprived animals contained …

Several growth factors (GFs) are implicated in sleep regulation. It is posited that these GFs
are produced in response to neural activity and affect input‐output relationships within the …

Profound sleep disruption in humans is generally believed to cause health impairments.
Through comparative research, specific physical effects and underlying mechanisms altered …

Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) play a
role in sleep regulation in health and disease. TNFα or IL1β injection enhances non-rapid …

Cytokines are proteins produced by leukocytes and other cells that function as intercellular
mediators acting on several target tissues, resulting in multiple biologic actions. Over the last …

Interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promote slow-wave sleep (SWS), whereas
IL-10 inhibits the synthesis of IL-1 and TNF and promotes waking. We evaluated the impact …

The field of endogenous sleep-promoting substances has become increasingly popular in
recent years, and various reviews (2, 29, 39, 73, 77, 82, 85, 128a, 145,146,151,155,157,165,166,178,186,189 …

Sleep disturbances including insomnia independently contribute to risk of inflammatory
disorders and major depressive disorder. This review and overview provides an integrated …

In mammals, one of the most salient outputs of the circadian (daily) clock is the timing of the
sleep–wake cycle. Modern industrialized society has led to a fundamental breakdown in the …