Drug development in cardiovascular disease is stagnating, with lack of efficacy and adverse
effects being barriers to innovation. Human genetics can provide compelling evidence of …

Despite increased expenditure, productivity of the pharmaceutical industry has decreased
and currently 90% of developed molecules entering phase II and phase III clinical trials fail …

Understanding the causal role of biomarkers in cardiovascular and other diseases is crucial
in order to find effective approaches (including pharmacological therapies) for disease …

The Mendelian randomization approach is an epidemiological study design incorporating
genetic information into traditional epidemiological studies to infer causality of biomarkers …

Large-scale genome-wide association studies conducted over the last decade have
uncovered numerous genetic variants associated with cardiometabolic traits and risk factors …

The past decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of the genetic factors
influencing response to a variety of drugs, including those targeted at treatment of …

Medicine has always been personalized. For years, physicians have incorporated
environmental, behavioural, and genetic factors that affect disease and drug response into …

Pharmacogenetics primarily uses genetic variation to identify subgroups of patients who
may respond differently to a certain medication. Since its first description, the field of …

Over the past decade, pharmacogenetic testing has emerged in clinical practice to guide
selected cardiovascular therapies. The most common implementation in practice is …

Evidence on the validity of drug targets from randomized trials is reliable but typically
expensive and slow to obtain. In contrast, evidence from conventional observational …