Pathogenic fungi have been used worldwide to control crop pests and are assumed to pose
negligible threats to the survival of pollinators. Although eusocial stingless bees provide …

Honeybee colonies are under the threat of many stressors, biotic and abiotic factors that
strongly affect their survival. Recently, great attention has been directed at chemical …

Highlights•Interaction effects may overload detoxification and immune responses.•Effects
observed at the individual level do not seem to translate to the colony level.•Colony effects …

Bees are fundamentally important for pollination services and declines in populations could
have significant economic and environmental implications. Pesticide exposure and …

During all their life stages, bees are exposed to residual concentrations of pesticides, such
as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, stored in beehive matrices. Fungicides are …

Fungicides account for more than 35% of the global pesticide market and their use is
predicted to increase in the future. While fungicides are commonly applied during bloom …

The use of fungal-based biopesticides to reduce pest damage and protect crop quality is
often considered a low-risk control strategy. Nevertheless, risk assessment of …

Currently, there is a growing interest in developing biopesticides and increasing their share
in the plant protection market as sustainable tools in integrated pest management (IPM) …

Social bee gut microbiotas play key roles in host health and performance. Worryingly, a
growing body of literature shows that pesticide exposure can disturb these microbiotas. Most …

Fungicides are found in agricultural areas to protect crops from fungal diseases. When
sprayed in areas where honey bee colonies are placed for pollination, bees can collect or …