In 2019, an 'influenza pandemic'and 'vaccine hesitancy'were listed as two of the top 10
challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its …

The skin is known to be a highly immunogenic site for vaccination, but few vaccines in
clinical use target skin largely because conventional intradermal injection is difficult and …

Technologies and strategies for cutaneous vaccination have been evolving significantly
during the past decades. Today, there is evidence for increased efficacy of cutaneously …

Vaccination is one of the most successful measures in modern medicine to combat
diseases, especially infectious diseases, and saves millions of lives every year. Vaccine …

Due to the presence of a network of antigen-presenting cells and other cells with innate and
adaptive immune functions, the skin is both a sensitive immune organ and a practical target …

Extensive research is underway to discover a safe and effective vehicle to deliver the
vaccines at the desired cutaneous site. These efforts majorly comprise the development of a …

Introduction Infectious pathogens are global disrupters. Progress in biomedical science and
technology has expanded the public health arsenal against infectious diseases. Specifically …

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a promising alternative to vaccine delivery via the
subcutaneous and intramuscular routes, due to the unique immunological characteristics of …

The skin is populated with Langerhans cells, thought to be efficient, potent antigen-
presenting cells, that are capable of inducing protective immunity by targeting antigen …

The skin has long been recognized as an attractive target for vaccine administration. A
number of clinical studies have tested the epidermal and dermal routes of delivery using a …