Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immunity and provide
defensive inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. Located within the plasma …

Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to a large family of pattern recognition receptors known as
the ancient 'gatekeepers' of the immune system. TLRs are located at the first line of defense …

Allergic reactions are dominated by the preferential development of specific Th2 responses
against innocuous antigens in atopic individuals. This can reflect alterations in innate …

Epithelia lining the respiratory tract represent a major portal of entry for microorganisms and
allergens and are equipped with innate and adaptive immune signaling receptors for host …

Background Allergen‐specific immunotherapy (SIT) leads to long‐term amelioration of T‐
helper type 2 (Th2)‐mediated allergic symptoms and is therefore recommended as a first …

Allergic airway inflammation develops in the context of innate immune cells that express Toll-
like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize microbial components and evoke diverse responses …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immune responses to infection.
Binding of agonists to TLRs promotes maturation of antigen presenting cells, such as …

Allergic asthma is an airway disease, characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction,
chronic inflammation of the airway, and thickness of smooth muscle in the respiratory tract …

Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that is influenced by the interplay between
genetic factors and exposure to environmental allergens, microbes, or microbial products …

Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor
understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery …