Background and Objective. The most frequently used methods for assessing pain are self‐
reports and observation. However, physiological methods could improve accuracy and …

In an attempt to understand human physiological signals when an individual is subjected to
pain, we set up a tonic pain experiment in a laboratory setting. The subjects' physiological …

Background Recognition of pain in people with dementia is challenging. Observational
scales have been developed, but there is a need to harmonize and improve the assessment …

Background: Pain assessments, such as the Numerical Pain Scale (NPS) and Wong-Baker
FACEs (FACEs), offer methods to quantify pain with simplistic descriptions on a scale of 0-10 …

Background A number of observational tools are available to assess pain in cognitively
impaired older adults, however, none of them can yet be regarded as a “gold standard”. An …

The individual and social burdens associated with chronic pain have been escalating
globally. Accurate pain measurement facilitates early diagnosis, disease progression …

Objective Painometer is a mobile application that includes four pain intensity scales: the
Numerical Rating Scale, the Faces Pain Scale-Revised, the mechanical visual analogue …

Pain assessment is a critical aspect of healthcare, influencing timely interventions and
patient well-being. Traditional pain evaluation methods often rely on subjective patient …

Pain assessment poses a challenge in several groups of clients, yet specific barriers arise
when it comes to pain assessment of individuals with intellectual and developmental …

At the end of this chapter, readers will be able to: 1. Understand the place of self-report
measures, observational measures and physiological measures in understanding an …