The ability for biological cells to produce mechanical forces is important for the development,
function, and homeostasis of tissue. The measurement of cellular forces is not a …

It is now widely appreciated that normal tissue morphology and function rely upon cells'
ability to sense and generate forces appropriate to their correct tissue context. Although the …

The mechanical behavior of biological materials has been studied extensively at the tissue,
organ and systems levels. Emerging experimental tools, however, enable quantitative …

In recent years, the importance of mechanical forces in directing cellular function has been
recognized as a significant factor in biological and physiological processes. In fact, these …

Living cells can sense mechanical forces and convert them into biological responses.
Similarly, biological and biochemical signals are known to influence the abilities of cells to …

Cells generate and sustain mechanical forces within their environment as part of their
normal physiology. They are active materials that can detect mechanical stimulation by the …

The mechanical phenotype of a cell determines its ability to deform under force and is
therefore relevant to cellular functions that require changes in cell shape, such as migration …

Numerous applications of nanotechnology have been developed to understand
mechanobiology of living cells and probe their unique mechanical properties in health and …

Cells interact with their environment through forces that are generated and sensed by the
cell. Forces generated by cells are in the few nanoNewton to several microNewton range …

Cells are physical objects that exert mechanical forces on their surroundings as they migrate
and take their places within tissues. New techniques are now poised to enable the …