Facial expressions of pain have been identified in several animal species. The aim of this
systematic review was to provide evidence on the measurement properties of grimace …

Simple Summary The ability to identify and assess pain is paramount in animal research to
address the 'refinement'principle of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement), satisfy …

Simple Summary The Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) was developed as a tool for the
measurement of pain in laboratory mice. There have been a number of studies focused on …

Rodent grimace scales have been recently validated for pain assessment, allowing
evaluation of facial expressions associated with pain. The standard scoring method is …

Simple Summary Grimace scales for laboratory animals were first reported ten years ago.
Yet, despite their promise as pain assessment tools it appears that they have not been …

Cynomolgus macaques may undergo surgical procedures for scientific and veterinary
purposes. Recognition and assessment of pain using validated tools is a necessary first step …

The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Medical research has a heavy and continuing demand for rodent models across a range of
disciplines. Behavioural assessment of pain in such models is highly time consuming, thus …

Pain recognition is fundamental for safeguarding animal welfare. Facial expressions have
been investigated in several species and grimace scales have been developed as pain …

Background The assessment of facial expressions associated with pain has been used to
evaluate pain in humans and has recently found application in non‐human mammals …