It is known that estrogen stimulates growth and inhibits apoptosis through estrogen receptor
(ER)-mediated mechanisms in many cancer cell types. Interestingly, there is strong evidence …

Estrogen as a mitogen stimulates cell proliferation and prevents cell death in many cell
types. In patients, estrogen is known to stimulate breast and uterus cancer development …

The successful use of high dose synthetic estrogens to treat post-menopausal metastatic
breast cancer, is the first effective “chemical therapy” proven in clinical trial to treat any …

Estrogen therapy was used to treat advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women for
decades until the introduction of tamoxifen. Resistance to long-term estrogen deprivation …

The estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) are located in the nucleus and bind to estrogen
to initiate transcription of estrogen-responsive genes. In a variety of tumor cells, ERβ has …

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is closely associated with both hormone-dependent and hormone-
independent tumors, and it is also essential for the development of these cancers. The …

Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) β in the
mitochondria in various cell types and tissues, but the exact function of this localization …

Previous studies have reported that estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in normal
human liver, chronic hepatitis, and benign hepatic tumor tissues. However, decreased …

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has been implicated in several cell cycle regulatory events
and is an important predictive marker of disease outcome in breast cancer patients. Here …

By eliciting distinct transcriptional responses, the oestrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ
exert opposite effects on cellular processes that include proliferation, apoptosis and …