Highlights•Sex and gender influence assessment, attribution and dismissal of
pain.•Differences have been identified in the activity of immune cells in pain …

Chronic pain affects 20% of adults and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide.
Women and girls are disproportionally affected by chronic pain. About half of chronic pain …

Understanding why people vary in their experience and response to pain is central to the
development of better, more targeted, personalised, treatments for pain. Sex and gender …

Substantial evidence has implicated microglia in neuropathic pain. After peripheral nerve
injury, microglia in the spinal cord proliferate and increase cell-surface expression of the …

Aristotle erroneously believed that women had fewer teeth than men, even though this
preconceived notion could easily be tested with a simple measurement [2]. Today, women …

Sex and gender differences in pain have been a point of focus in the medical field and
continue to gather increasing interest (Dance, 2019; Mogil, 2020; Templeton, 2020). In this …

Objective. This review highlights research on sex-based differences in pain perception and
treatment. We sought to illuminate the complex factors contributing to differences in pain and …

Females greatly outnumber males as sufferers of chronic pain. Although social and
psychological factors certainly play a role in the differences in prevalence and incidence …

It has long been recognized that men and women have different degrees of susceptibility to
chronic pain. Greater recognition of the sexual dimorphism in chronic pain has resulted in …

Despite the overwhelming female-predominance in chronic pain disorders, preclinical pain
studies have historically excluded females as research subjects. Male-biased explanations …