With the development of society, industry, agriculture, and other production activities are
changing with each passing day. The primary mode of transportation in international trade is …

Any equipment submerged in the ocean will have its surface attacked by fouling organisms,
which can cause serious damage. Traditional antifouling coatings contain heavy metal ions …

Marine biofouling has brought a serious impact on human marine production and
transportation activities. Applying antifouling coatings is an effective method to prevent …

There are a large number of fouling organisms in the ocean, which easily attach to the
surface of ships, oil platforms and breeding facilities, corrode the surface of equipment …

Marine biofouling has negatively affected human sailing since ancient times. Traditional
antifouling coatings were banned worldwide in 2003 due to their toxicity towards nontarget …

Marine biofouling can be defined as the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, algae
and animals on structures submerged in seawater. From the dawn of navigation, marine …

Because of the environmental and economic casualties of biofouling on maritime navigation,
modern studies have been devoted toward formulating advanced nanoscale composites in …

The widely recognized biofouling phenomenon has many negative consequences for
artificial structures that are in contact with seawater in the form of structural defects and …

Marine fouling is one of the major challenges facing humanity in marine industrial
production and transport activities. Traditional antifouling coatings use toxic antifouling …

The undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on any surfaces immersed in seawater
is termed as marine fouling. This natural phenomenon contributes a major economic …