While the mammalian eye is seldom considered an organ of drug metabolism, the capacity
for biotransformation is present. Compared to the liver, the metabolic capabilities of the eye …

Ophthalmic drugs typically achieve< 10% ocular bioavailability. A drug applied to the
surface of the eye may cross ocular–blood barriers where it may encounter metabolising …

Metabolism is one of the primary routes of drug elimination from the body. This process
comprises of mechanisms, such as oxidation and conjugation, which lead to inactivation …

The purpose of this paper is to review the biochemical processes of systemic
biotransformation and describe their relevance to ocular disease and drug metabolism. The …

The liver is known to be the principal site of drug metabolism. Depending on the route of
administration, especially in cases of topical and local delivery, evaluation of local drug …

Most ophthalmic drugs were not developed originally for the treatment of eye diseases. The
specific anatomical, biochemical and transport, enzymatic features of the eye have to be …

Since ocular therapeutics and drug delivery is a subject of interest to specialists from various
disciplines such as chemical, biochemical, medical, pharmaceutical, and toxicological, it …

Quantitation of ocular drug metabolism is important, but only sparse data is currently
available. Herein, the pharmacokinetics of four drugs, substrates of metabolizing enzymes …

Although the fundamental concepts of pharmacokinetics remain the same, ocular
pharmacokinetics has its own challenges due to the uniqueness of barrier properties posed …

The goal of this work is to review the various approaches to the design of ophthalmic agents
with improved therapeutic profiles. A critical focus of the discussion will include not only …