Sex steroids are essential for skeletal development and the maintenance of bone health
throughout adult life, and estrogen deficiency at menopause is a major pathogenetic factor …

Osteoporosis is a significant public health problem, and a major cause of the disease is
estrogen deficiency following menopause in women. In addition, considerable evidence …

Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian
skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause …

Mouse models with cell-specific deletion of the estrogen receptor (ER) α, the androgen
receptor (AR) or the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), as well as …

BONE differs from reproductive tissues in that many aspects of skeletal growth, turnover, and
function occur in the absence of gonadal hormones. Nevertheless, sex steroids have an …

The adult skeleton is periodically remodeled by temporary anatomic structures that comprise
juxtaposed osteoclast and osteoblast teams and replace old bone with new. Estrogens and …

Sex steroids play a major role in the regulation of bone turnover. Thus, gonadectomy in
either sex is associated with an increase in bone remodeling, increased bone resorption …

Estrogen is the major hormonal regulator of bone metabolism in women and men.
Therefore, there is considerable interest in unraveling the pathways by which estrogen …

Although the process of bone remodelling or its control has not yet been fully elucidated
there is, at present, sufficient information available to conclude that ovarian steroids …

Sex steroids regulate skeletal maturation and preservation in both men and women, as
already recognized in the 1940s by Albright and Reifenstein. The impact of gonadal …