The heart and the vascular tree undergo major structural and functional changes when
kidney function declines and renal replacement therapy is required. The many …

The increased availability of dialysis and renal transplantation has unmasked the clinical
importance of co-morbid conditions associated with kidney disease. At the recent American …

There is a remarkable lack of reliable information about the determinants of risk of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with chronic renal failure. Indeed, such …

This paper charts the development of haemodialysis, the cornerstone of renal replacement
therapy (RRT). It has enabled patients with end-stage renal failure to survive for years, in …

Despite advances in renal replacement therapy, dialysis patients continue to have
significant cardiac morbidity and mortality. Age-adjusted death rates in general are declining …

Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Cardiovascular
disease is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. The principal …

Dialysis patients have extraordinarily high mortality rates. The death rate for all US dialysis
patients in 2004 was 230 per 1000 patient-years. Cardiac disease is the major cause of …

Morphology of the heart and arteries in renal failure. In patients with renal failure,
cardiovascular complications are a major clinical problem; cardiac death is the main cause …

During the past several years evidence has been accumulating that cardiovascular disease
is the leading cause of death among patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis therapy …

Hemodialysis (HD) patients are subject to an enormous excess of cardiovascular morbidity
and mortality. This appears to be largely driven by factors that are different from those at play …