Until recently, most studies of heart failure (HF) focused on body fluid dynamics through
control of the sodium and water balance in the body. Chloride has remained largely ignored …

The increasing burden of heart failure (HF) and emerging knowledge regarding chloride as
a prognostic marker in HF have increased the interest in the pathophysiology and …

Currently, diuretic therapy for heart failure (HF) pathophysiology is primarily focused on the
sodium and water balance. Over the last several years, however, chloride (Cl) has been …

The cardiorenal literature has long been dominated by a sodium-centric view. However,
mechanisms affecting sodium homeostasis in patients with heart failure (HF) commonly lead …

Despite significant advances in management, heart failure continues to impose a significant
epidemiologic burden with high prevalence and mortality rates. For decades, sodium has …

Low serum sodium concentration has long been recognized as an established marker of
short-and long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF), and is …

Body fluid volume regulation is a complex process involving the interaction of various
afferent (sensory) and neurohumoral efferent (effector) mechanisms. Historically, most …

Abstract Aims Chloride (Cl) is an established key electrolyte for the activation of the renin–
angiotensin–aldosterone system. Recent studies have shown the serum Cl as a key …

Several studies have recently challenged the sodium-centric view that has been dominating
the field of heart failure (HF) and cardiorenal syndrome. The previously observed benefits of …

Background—The aim of this analysis was to determine the long-term prognostic value of
lower serum chloride in patients with stable chronic heart failure. Electrolyte abnormalities …