Although the Skinnerian 'Empirical Law of Effect'does not directly consider the fundamental
properties of stimuli that enable them to act as reinforcers, such considerations are critical for …

For several decades, it has been suggested that dopamine (DA), especially in nucleus
accumbens, mediates the primary reinforcing characteristics of natural stimuli such as food …

Nucleus accumbens (DA) has been implicated in a number of different behavioral functions,
but most commonly it is said to be involved in “reward” or “reinforcement”. In the present …

There are numerous problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems,
particularly in the nucleus accumbens, directly mediate the rewarding or primary …

For many years, it has been suggested that drugs that interfere with dopamine (DA)
transmission alter the “rewarding” impact of primary reinforcers such as food. Research and …

Background Over the last several years, it has become apparent that there are critical
problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems, particularly in the nucleus …

It has been suggested that accumbens dopamine (DA) is involved in the process of enabling
organisms to expend energy in various situations, including foraging, maze running, and …

It has been suggested that depletions of accumbens dopamine (DA) make rats more
sensitive to work-related response costs. One way of controlling work costs in operant tasks …

It has been suggested that dopamine in nucleus accumbens is involved in the process of
enabling organisms to overcome work-related response costs. One way of controlling work …

Dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens is thought to contribute to the decision to
exert effort to seek reward. This hypothesis is supported by findings that performance of …