This review explores the usefulness retinoic acid (RA) related physiological factors as
possible biomarkers of embryotoxicity. RA is involved in the morphogenesis of the early …

Developmental toxicity can be caused through a multitude of mechanisms and can therefore
not be captured through a single simple mechanistic paradigm. However, it may be possible …

Retinoic acid (RA) is a pleiotropic derivative of vitamin A, or retinol, which is responsible for
all of the bioactivity associated with this vitamin. The teratogenic influences of vitamin A …

Either an excess or a deficiency of vitamin A and related compounds (retinoids) causes
abnormal morphological development (teratogenesis). Potential retinoid sources come from …

BACKGROUND: All-trans retinoic acid (RA), the oxidative metabolite of vitamin A, is
essential for normal development. In addition, high levels of RA are teratogenic in many …

The whole embryo culture (WEC) model serves as a potential alternative for classical in vivo
developmental toxicity testing. In the WEC, cultured rat embryos are exposed during …

Abstract Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid [13CRA], Accutane®) is used for the treatment of
dermatological diseases. Isotretinoin is, however, teratogenic in animals and humans. The …

Earlier studies with etretinate and its metabolite acitretin suggested that area under the
concentration–time curve (AUC) is the most suitable pharmacokinetic correlate to etretinate …

Retinoic acid is a natural vitamin A derivative that undergoes oxidative metabolism in the
body to yield several metabolites, which apparently represent the products of a detoxification …

Rodent postimplantation whole embryo culture (WEC) is a classical alternative test to study
developmental toxicants. Here, we have successfully applied transcriptomics to monitor …