The best-understood mechanisms for achieving antibody self/non-self discrimination discard
self-reactive antibodies before they can be tested for binding microbial antigens, potentially …

Clonal anergy is an enigmatic self-tolerance mechanism because no apparent purpose is
served by retaining functionally silenced B cells bearing autoantibodies. Human …

The adaptive immune system is tasked with producing antibodies that recognize a wide
scope of potential pathogens, including those never before encountered, and concurrently …

Secondary diversification of the B cell repertoire by immunoglobulin gene somatic
hypermutation in the germinal center (GC) is essential for providing the high-affinity antibody …

Autoantibodies are removed from the repertoire at two checkpoints during B cell
development in the bone marrow and the periphery. Despite these checkpoints, up to 20 …

Long-term humoral immunity is maintained by the formation of high-affinity class-switched
memory B cells and long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells. In healthy humans, a …

Receptor editing is a major B cell tolerance mechanism that operates by secondary Ig gene
rearrangements to change the specificity of autoreactive developing B cells. In the 3-83Igi …

Self-reactive B cells not controlled by receptor editing or clonal deletion may become
anergic. We report that fully mature human B cells negative for surface IgM and retaining …

Antibodies have the specificity to differentiate foreign antigens that mimic self antigens, but it
remains unclear how such specificity is acquired. In a mouse model, we generated B cells …

More than half of the nascent B cells in humans initially express autoreactive antibodies.
However, most of these autoantibodies are removed from the repertoire at two checkpoints …