For decades, lactate has been considered an innocuous bystander metabolite of cellular
metabolism. However, emerging studies show that lactate acts as a complex …

Lactate, the end product of anaerobic glycolysis, is produced in high amounts by innate
immune cells during inflammatory activation. Although immunomodulating effects of lactate …

Lactate and the associated H+ ions are still introduced in many biochemistry and general
biology textbooks and courses as a metabolic by-product within fast or oxygen-independent …

Background Lactate has long been considered an intermediate by-product of glucose
metabolism. However, in recent years, accumulating evidence reveals that lactate has …

Lactate has long been considered a “waste” by-product of cell metabolism, and it
accumulates at sites of inflammation. Recent findings have identified lactate as an active …

During an inflammatory process, shift in the cellular metabolism associated with an increase
in extracellular acidification are well-known features. This pH drop in the inflamed tissue is …

Hypoxia and glycolysis have long been appreciated to promote immune cell activation. In
2019, several studies highlighted a counterbalancing homeostatic function for the glycolytic …

Lactate has long been considered as a metabolic by-product of cells. Recently, this view has
been changed by the observation that lactate can act as a signaling molecule and regulates …

Lactate used to be considered as a waste product of glucose metabolism. However,
accumulating evidence has revealed its crucial role in regulating various biological and …

Lactic acid has emerged as an important modulator of immune cell function. It can be
produced by both gut microbiota and the host metabolism at homeostasis and during …