Centipedes are among the most ancient groups of venomous predatory arthropods. Extant
species belong to five orders, but our understanding of the composition and evolution of …

Centipede venoms have emerged as a rich source of novel bioactive compounds. However,
most centipede species are commonly considered too small for venom extraction and …

Venom represents one of the most extreme manifestations of a chemical arms race. Venoms
are complex biochemical arsenals, often containing hundreds to thousands of unique …

The limited number of centipede venom characterizations have revealed a rich diversity of
toxins, and recent work has suggested centipede toxins may be more rapidly diversifying …

Despite the staggering diversity of venomous animals, there seems to be remarkable
convergence in regard to the types of proteins used as toxin scaffolds. However, our …

Centipedes are among the oldest extant venomous predators on the planet. Armed with a
pair of modified, venom-bearing limbs, they are an important group of predatory arthropods …

Animal venoms are theorized to evolve under the significant influence of positive Darwinian
selection in a chemical arms race scenario, where the evolution of venom resistance in prey …

Venoms have evolved over a hundred times in animals. Venom toxins are thought to evolve
mostly by recruitment of endogenous proteins with physiological functions. Here we report …

Arthropod toxins are almost invariably encoded by transcripts encoding prepropeptides that
are posttranslationally processed to yield a single mature toxin. In striking contrast to this …

Background While many studies have shown that extracellular proteins evolve rapidly, how
selection acts on them remains poorly understood. We used snake venoms to understand …