Infants and the elderly share a high vulnerability to infections and therefore have specific
immunization requirements. Inducing potent and sustained B-cell responses is as …

In this review we discuss the changes that occur in the B lymphocyte compartment of mice
and humans as they progress to old age, focusing on recent advances in this important area …

Age related changes in the structure and function of the immune system, collectively termed
immunosenescence, result in poor responses to infections, increased susceptibility to …

Aging represents a complex remodeling in which both innate and adaptive immunities
deteriorate. Age-related changes in humoral immunity are responsible for the reduced …

Highlights•B cell generation in bone marrow declines with age in mice but may be
maintained in humans.•Shifts in naïve and antigen-experienced peripheral B cell subsets …

B cells undergo a number of different developmental stages, from initial formation of their B
cell receptor (BCR) genes to differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Because …

Aging results for the immune system in a departure from the optimal homeostatic state seen
in young organisms. This divergence regrettably contributes to a higher frequency of …

Aging leads to a gradual dysregulation of immune functions, one consequence of which is
reduced vaccine efficacy. In this review, we discuss several key contributing factors to the …

Average life expectancy is continuously rising in all developed countries, leading to an ever-
increasing elderly population. Of the many functions of the body affected by the complex …

The age-related dysregulation and decline of the immune system—collectively termed
“immunosenescence”—has been generally associated with an increased susceptibility to …