There are three prerequisites for development of the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes
(T1D). First, β cell-reactive T cells need to be activated; second, the response needs to be …

Following the seminal discovery of insulin a century ago, treatment of individuals with type 1
diabetes (T1D) has been largely restricted to efforts to monitor and treat metabolic glucose …

Summary Type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops when there are insufficient insulin-producing beta
cells to maintain glucose homeostasis. The prevailing view has been that T1D is caused by …

Type 1 diabetes was one of the earliest disorders to be associated with the phenomenon of
autoimmunity and is one of the most studied organ-specific autoimmune diseases at the …

Cytokines play crucial roles in orchestrating complex multicellular interactions between
pancreatic β cells and immune cells in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and are …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which destruction or damaging of
the beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans results in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. We …

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a long‐term and chronic autoimmune disorder, in which
the immune system attacks the pancreatic β‐cells. Both adaptive and innate immune …

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from death of insulin-secreting β cells mediated by
self-immune cells, and the consequent inability of the body to maintain insulin levels for …

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by a progressive status of chronic, low-grade
inflammation (LGI) that accompanies the whole trajectory of the disease, from its inception to …

Two arms of the immune system, innate and adaptive immunity, differ in their mode of
immune recognition. The innate immune system recognizes a few highly conserved …