Background The role of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of central nervous
system (CNS) disorders and aging is largely unknown. It is acknowledged that the …

The extracranial venous system is complex and variable between individuals. Until recently,
these variations were acknowledged as developmental variants and were not considered …

In 2006, Zamboni reintroduced the concept that chronic impaired venous outflow of the
central nervous system is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), coining the term of chronic …

The extra-cranial venous system is complex and not well studied in comparison to the
peripheral venous system. A newly proposed vascular condition, named chronic …

OBJECTIVE: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
combined stenoses of the principal pathways of extracranial venous drainage, including the …

A chronic state of impaired venous drainage from the central nervous system, termed
chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), is claimed to be a pathologic …

The role of the venous circulation in neurological diseases has been underestimated. In this
review, we present an overview of the intracranial venous anatomy, venous disorders of the …

Objectives: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has recently been
implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This comprehensive meta-analysis …

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was recently described in multiple
sclerosis patients. CCSVI is characterized by impaired brain venous drainage due to outflow …

Arterial diseases are well understood to be major causes of morbidity and mortality. High
pressured arteries carry blood, oxygen, and other 'fuels' for organ function. In contrast, the …