Individuals with moderate-to-severe post-stroke hemiparesis cannot control proximal and
distal joints of the arm independently because they are constrained to stereotypical …

Muscle synergies describe common patterns of co-or reciprocal activation that occur during
movement. After stroke, these synergies change, often in stereotypical ways. The …

In chronic hemiparetic stroke, increased shoulder abductor activity causes involuntary
increases in elbow, wrist, and finger flexor activation, an abnormal muscle coactivation …

Key points Activation of the shoulder abductor muscles in the arm opposite a unilateral brain
injury causes involuntary increases in elbow, wrist and finger flexion in the same arm, a …

Background: Recent experimental evidence has indicated that the motor system coordinates
muscle activations through a linear combination of muscle synergies that are specified at the …

Production of voluntary movements relies critically on the functional integration of several
motor cortical areas, such as the primary motor cortex, and the spinal circuitries …

After stroke, hemiparesis will result in impairments to locomotor control. Specifically, muscle
coordination deficits, in the form of inappropriately phased muscle-activity patterns, occur in …

The loss of independent joint control, clinically referred to as limb synergies, is prevalent in
the paretic upper limb of individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke. To understand the …

Patterns of stereotyped muscle coactivation, clinically referred to as synergies, emerge
following stroke and impair arm function. Although researchers have focused on cortical …

In addition to muscle weakness caused by injury to supraspinal centers, several
mechanisms may contribute to motor impairment in the paretic lower limb following a stroke …