One major challenge to industrial microalgal culturing is to devise and develop technical
apparata, cultivation procedures and algal strains susceptible of undergoing substantial …

Cultivating and harvesting of products from microalgae has led to increasing commercial
interest in their use for producing valuable substances for food, feed, cosmetics …

This chapter reviews the major factors governing the production of microalgae. Special
emphasis is given to the impact of light availability, and its modification as a consequence of …

The mass culture of microalgae has been explored over the past 35 years for the production
of food, fuels and chemicals, as well as for waste treatment and gas exchange. Culture …

Until recently, most large commercial scale microalgal production systems employed open
systems. However, several large-scale closed systems have now been built and, for the first …

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in microalgae, namely toward production of
lipids for biodiesel, upgrade of effluents, and synthesis of high added-value compounds …

Microalgal biomass is currently considered as a sustainable and renewable feedstock for
biofuel production (biohydrogen, biomethane, biodiesel) characterized by lower emissions …

The present hype in microalgae biotechnology has shown that the topic of photo‐bioreactors
has to be revisited with respect to availability in really large scale measured in hectars …

Three major technical aspects are involved in developing commercial systems for mass
cultivation of algae. The first relates to the construction of the reactor system—its shape and …

Photobioreactors (PBRs) have a major role in cultivating phototrophic microorganisms to fix
CO 2 and produce target products. Light penetration and distribution as the energy source …