The unique avian vocal organ, the syrinx, is located at the caudal end of the trachea.
Although a larynx is also present at the opposite end, birds phonate only with the syrinx …

Elaborate and diverse sounds are an important aspect of many bird behaviors, and these
sounds are generated by sophisticated multiple motor systems regulating respiration, vocal …

We review current quantitative models of the biomechanics of bird sound production. A
quantitative model of the vocal apparatus was proposed by Fletcher (1988). He represented …

Our current understanding of the sound-generating mechanism in the songbird vocal organ,
the syrinx, is based on indirect evidence and theoretical treatments. The classical avian …

The neuromuscular control of vocalization in birds requires complicated and precisely
coordinated motor control of the vocal organ (ie the syrinx), the respiratory system and upper …

How sound is generated in the hummingbird syrinx is largely unknown despite their complex
vocal behavior. To fill this gap, syrinx anatomy of four North American hummingbird species …

Song production in songbirds is a model system for studying learned vocal behavior. As in
humans, bird phonation involves three main motor systems (respiration, vocal organ and …

In its most basic conception, a novelty is simply something new. However, when many
previously proposed evolutionary novelties have been illuminated by genetic …

The vocal organ of birds is called the syrinx. It is located deep in the tho racic cavity, at the
point where the two bronchi join to fOlm the trachea [see il lustmtions below]. It is difficult to …

Background The ability to imitate sounds depends on a process called vocal production
learning, a rare evolutionary trait. In addition to the few mammalian groups that possess this …