Immunotherapy using immune-checkpoint modulators revolutionizes the oncology field far
beyond their remarkable clinical efficacy in some patients. It creates radical changes in the …

Activating the immune system to eliminate cancer cells and produce clinically relevant
responses has been a long‐standing goal of cancer research. Most promising therapeutic …

Immunotherapy by checkpoint inhibition is about to profoundly change cancer therapy. The
number of indications are growing at an unprecedented speed. Clinical studies have …

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapy, yet many patients either
do not derive any benefit from treatment or develop a resistance to checkpoint inhibitors …

The development of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has heralded a new era in cancer
treatment, enabling the possibility of long-term survival in patients with metastatic disease …

Traditional treatment modalities for advanced cancer (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or
targeted agents) act directly on tumors to inhibit or destroy them. Along with surgery, these …

Background The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins and the mechanisms by which
cancer cells utilize them to evade the immune system has transformed our approach to …

Tumor cells predominantly express self-antigens and overcoming self-tolerance is the
primary challenge to effective immunotherapy. Tumors also express ligands for co-inhibitory …

Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of cancer treatment. Checkpoint blockade
therapies unleash breaks in the immune system and induce long-lasting responses …

In recent years immune checkpoint inhibitors have garnered attention as being one of the
most promising types of immunotherapy on the horizon. There has been particular focus on …