Compared to terrestrial animals, fish have to cope with more-challenging osmotic and ionic
gradients from aquatic environments with diverse salinities, ion compositions, and pH …

Fish encounter harsh ionic/osmotic gradients on their aquatic environments, and the
mechanisms through which they maintain internal homeostasis are more challenging …

Teleost fishes are able to acclimatize to seawater by secreting excess NaCl by means of
specialized “ionocytes” in the gill epithelium. Antibodies against Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) …

The mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) in teleost gill and equivalent tissues are important
osmo-regulatory sites in maintaining ionic balance. These cells express a variety of ion …

Euryhaline teleosts exhibit major changes in renal function as they move between
freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) environments, thus tolerating large fluctuations in …

Transepithelial transport is one of the major processes involved in the mechanism of
homeostasis of body fluids in vertebrates including fish. The current models of ion regulation …

Freshwater fishes lose ions to the external medium owing to the steep concentration
gradients between the body fluids and the water. To maintain homeostasis, they use …

A sufficient and timely energy supply is a prerequisite for the operation of iono-and
osmoregulatory mechanisms in fish. Measurements of whole-fish or isolated-gill (or other …

Ion and acid–base regulating mechanisms have been studied at the fish gill for almost a
century. Original models proposed for Na+ and Cl− uptake, and their linkage with H+ and …

Teleost fishes are the major group of ray-finned fishes and represent more than one-half of
the total number of vertebrate species. They have experienced in their evolution an …