The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that interact with
the host to maintain structural and functional homeostasis. Acting as the interface between …

Emerging evidence suggests that the innate immune system, comprised of Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) and their associated molecules, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of …

A single layer of epithelial cells lines the small and large intestines and functions as a barrier
between commensal bacteria and the rest of the body. Ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) …

The innate immune system uses a series of pattern recognition receptors to detect the
presence of pathogens thus allowing for rapid host defense responses to invading microbes …

The intestine is a complex organ that must maintain tolerance to innocuous food antigens
and commensal microbiota while being also able to mount inflammatory responses against …

The innate immune response to invading pathogens is centred upon a family of non‐clonal,
germline‐encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) …

Differential alteration of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) was first described 10 years ago. Since then, studies from many groups have led to the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound microbial sensors that mediate important
host-to-microbe responses. Cell biology aspects of TLR function have been intensively …

We review recent progresses in the understanding of the role of Toll-like receptors and other
pattern recognition receptors in the host defense against gastrointestinal pathogens and …

Diseases of mucosal inflammation represent important causes of morbidity and mortality,
and have led to Intense research efforts to understand the factors that lead to their …